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重大建筑学人：兼蓄质直，因势成境Chongqing University Architecture Alumni: Intellectual Tradition, Integral Temperament and Logical Methodology
杜春兰/DU Chunlan
2020年的春日分歧以往，一场突如其来的“战疫”防护既成为全民族乃至全世界共同面对的挑战，又刺激了远程交互技术等诸多转变。居家的日子中，仔细思索《世界建筑》“重大建筑学人”这一厚重命题，诸多人物浮现，万千故事奔涌。从抗战烽火中博采众长的孕育和淬炼，至建国后扎根于西南奋楫而上的长大，再至改革开放以来立足于山地建筑学的国际化发展，重大建筑学人在宏观和微观互动的时空演替中不竭汲取新鲜的智慧和营养，同时亦以空间和社会营造的方式回馈着每一个时代。回顾重大建筑学人历时性的群体长大历程，会发现某些共通的价值观、方法论，集体无意识地锚固着彼此，在已逝的时间长河中熠熠生辉，照亮现在并奔向未来。
重大建筑学人在认知观中始终具备一种不问工具、格物致知的兼容并蓄。这种知性传统并不是是偶然，而是来自于不拘陈规和实用精神互惠的时空演化。生于忧患，重大建筑办学草创即为山河破碎的抗战时期，战时陪都的地缘优势使大量优秀的建筑学人云集重庆，造就了重庆大学建筑肇始阶段的多元基因。其时，黄家骅、陈伯齐、夏昌世、朱尊谊、胡德元、龙庆忠等任教建筑设计时即进行了德国理工、日本东工、鲍扎体系等多元办学模式的测验考试，显现出强调功能合理，重视建筑构造，教育与实践紧密结合的思想。行以致远，虽历经建国早期的泛政治语境的学习苏联，1960年代民族样式风潮，以及改革开放后各种现代设计思潮的洗礼，重建学人同样是居中守正，博采众长，于多元践行中择其善者而从之，再推而广之。重大(重建工)建筑学秉承的认知传统源于地区性的文化包涵，自清代“湖广填四川”至抗战江浙沪，再至三线建设和直辖后的大规模移民，重庆这座移民城市自己亦在不竭地进行着空间结构、社会体系和文化思潮的重构。在不竭转变的时代主题中，重建学子的认知拓展与再构其实不是非此即彼的替代性转变，而往往秉承历史基因与时代风尚的兼容，一如重庆的火锅日益丰富的内容，有法而无式。
在主体间性的集体精神和气质方面，重大建筑学人大多显现出一种质直勇健的整体风貌，男性质朴好义，女性则自在大气。这种集体气质的形成并不是是建筑作为工科的专业习得，而是得益于长江三峡重庆段自古以来“俗素朴，无造次辩丽之气”的地区环境影响。如果以当前流行的数据画像话语体系深描历年来结业的万余名重大建筑学人，多半会贴上 “立异、务实、寡言”的集体标签。重大建筑学人这种整体气质反映于其论著与设计上，往往显现出一种自下而上的自力思考与探索，少有人云亦云的时尚跟风。如叶仲玑、唐璞、黄忠恕、陈启高、叶启燊、李再琛和万钟英等等敢为人先的教育改革者皆是如此。因而少谈主义而笃行不倦成为重大建筑学人一贯的治学传统。好比重大建筑学十分突出的两个方向：建筑物理与建筑历史，皆是如此。前者需通过反复实验不竭试错探索真知的格物致之；后者需扎根于穷乡僻壤寻找“礼失诸野”的田野查询拜访。两者都是清苦艰难之事，不如意处十之八九，非有毅力且洒脱者方能成绩。重大建筑学人这种务实的集体气质同样体现于设计思考之中，表示为注重伦常日用的生活回归和安闲得体，少有精英叙事的签名建筑中的狂妄与高冷。马希米亚诺·福克萨斯“少一点美学，多一点伦理”的口号对重大建筑学人来说只是本应具有的建筑创作态度。
具体于方法论层面，很难用现代性术语来表述重大建筑学人用何种方式和方法来观察事物和措置问题，所幸能在传统语汇中找到“因势成境”一词以概括这一群体的方法论逻辑。重庆山地环境极具复杂性，各种设计要素显现出一种多标准混杂的集体涌现，是教条主义专业细分难以应对的抗解问题。得益于重大建筑学院建筑-规划-景观-技术“四位一体”的专业融贯，重大建筑学人在措置纷繁复杂的空间变量上并没有陷入专业范式的藩篱，而是审时度势的空间跨界与解构。这种聚形成势的空间营造逻辑并不是是一种偶然，而是潜移默化的营造习得。在重大建筑学科80余年的教学、研究与实践中，因势成境的空间叙事成为一种建筑营造的习惯，进而上升为一种解决复杂问题的逻辑方法。解读重大建筑学人的实践，诸如“山地营建十八法”的空间措置，再如采取本地材料和工艺塑造现代空间的“低技法”营造理念，或是大型公共建筑的复杂功能的分形集成，又如社区重塑的建筑社会学实践，不堪枚举，皆是如此。事实上，这种化繁为简的智慧，大多源于重大建院对主体意识和批判精神的提倡。当前重大建筑学人地区性批判主义的建筑佳作，大多可以在1980年代初重建工学生期刊《建卒》中诗性浪漫的乌托邦实践中找到理念的雏形，青涩时的他们同样耀眼和璀璨。
在这个万物互联的全球化时代，当前建筑学面临着百年未有之现代性转变，政治、资本和技术跨界飓风不竭地侵蚀建筑教育体系的底线，重庆大学建筑城规学院亦同样迎风逆行。基于生于忧患、砥砺前行的历史经验，质直勇健的集体气质和化繁为简的破题天赋，重大建筑学人永远在路上。□
Spring in 2020 is distinctly unusual. The unexpected war against COVID-19 has not only been a challenge for the whole nation and even the world but also stimulated numerous innovations such as remote interaction technology. In the days at home, when I pondered the significant task of writing the preface of Chongqing University (CQU) architecture alumni for World Architecture, many people and stories boomed in my mind. CQU architecture was born in the Second World War with the baptism of fire, grew up rooted in southwest China after the founding of the PRC, internationalised development after the reform and opening up. CQU architecture alumni have been absorbing refreshed wisdom in the succession of space and time with macro and micro scales, and giving back to every era with space and society reconstruction. Maybe there is no unique flag or slogan which can be a perfect representative of the CQU architecture alumni's characteristics. But, when we study the growing process of CQU architecture alumni, we can find some common values and methodologies anchored to each other unconsciously, keep shining in the time river, illuminate the present and guide us to the future.
From the perspective of cognition, CQU architecture alumni are inclusive in obtaining knowledge from observation and comparison. This characteristic is not accidental but comes from the evolution of breaking outmoded conventions and seeking practicality. CQU architecture was born in the crisis of the war against Japan. During the wartime, a large number of excellent architects gathered in Chongqing and formed the multiple genes of CQU architecture from its birth. The harmony of various teaching modes such as Technische Universität Berlin, Tokyo Tech, and Beaux-Arts is instituted in our classes under the guidance from Prof. Huang Jiahua, Chen Boqi, Xia Changshi, Zhu Zunyi, Hu Deyuan, Long Qingzhou et al., who had the teaching ideas of emphasising rational function planning, construction, the combination of education and practice. After going through learning from the Soviet Union in the pan political context during the initial stage of the PRC, the national style trend in the 1960s, and various modern ideological trends of design after reform and opening up, the CQU architecture alumni kept their original aspiration, adopt the strengths of various ideas and then used them extensively. The cognitive tradition of CQU architecture alumni stems from the inclusiveness of local culture. Chongqing, as a city of immigrants, has been reconstructing its spatial, social, and cultural system as its multiple immigration of Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong etc. during Qing dynasty, the corps of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai during the Second World War and the Third-line Construction in the 1960s and 1970s, and internal migration after being a municipality. During the changing time themes, the development of CQU architecture alumni cognition was not composed by separated phases of various ideas, but an integration of custom and prevail with rules but no rigid actions just as Chongqing hotpot.
In terms of the intersubjective collective spirits, individuals of CQU architecture alumni are upright and brave. The women aspire calm and magnanimity, and the men pursuit honesty and loyalty. The collective spirits are not from the professional education of architecture as an engineering discipline, but affected by the regional environmental characteristics of simplicity in Chongqing section of the Three Gorges. "Innovative, pragmatic, and concise" could be the best words applied to more than ten thousand architects graduated from CQU. The qualities of CQU architecture alumni show in their works as bottom-up independent thinking and explorations (e.g., the advanced education reform guided by Prof. Ye Zhongji, TANG Pu, HUANG Zhongshu, CHEN Qigao, YE Qishen, Li Zaichen, and Wan Zhongying). "Less doctrines more practices" becomes a tradition in CQU architecture education, especially showing in the two outstanding directions of CQU architecture – Architectural Physics and Architectural History. The study of Architectural Physics requires trial and error, while the study of Architectural History in-depth field trips. Both of them are difficult and plain with less satisfactory. Only persistent scholars who have low material desire could achieve success. The realistic quality of CQU architecture alumni can also be seen in their design works, which desire the return of daily life but not haughty from the elite. The slogan of "less aesthetics more ethics" by Massimiliano Fuksas is just a fundamental kind of design attitude of CQU architecture alumni.
In terms of methodology, it's hard to use a modern word to state how CQU architecture alumni observe the world and solve problems. Fortunately, "Yin Shi Cheng Jing" – a traditional term can be used to summarise their methodology logic. Various design elements show the patterns of multi-scale mixed emergence in the context of the complex mountain environment in Chongqing, which cannot be solved by the subdivision of discipline. Benefiting from the integrity education mode of Architecture, urban planning, landscape architecture, and technology in the School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, CQU architecture alumni leap the gaps between disciplinaries and reorder spaces according to their context. The logic of space construction is due to the invisible, formative influence on students from the daily practices of the teachers. "Yin Shi Cheng Jing" has been a habit of architecture design and even a logical method to solve complex problems in the 80-years teaching, research, and practice activities of our school. You can get the method in the practices of CQU architecture alumni such as the eighteen architecture spatial design methods of the mountain area, the concept of "low technique" with local materials and crafts, the fractal integration of complex functions of large-scale public buildings, and the community revitalisation based on the architecture in sociology perspective et al. In fact, the wisdom of simplification comes from the advocation of subject consciousness and critical spirit by our school. You can find the embryonic forms of many outstanding architectural works with regional criticism nowadays in the poetic and romantic Utopia practice in the journal Jianzu in the early 1980s. Some of CQU architecture alumni have been shining since their college years.
In the era of globalisation and connection, architecture is facing unprecedented changes. The hurricanes from policy, capital, and technology have been transforming the architectural education system. The School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University has been determinately moving forward with the historical experience of thriving on problems, the quality of integrity and perseverance, and the talent of turning complexity into simplicity.□
作者单位：重庆大学建筑城规学院
简讯 6
篇首
8 杜春兰 重大建筑学人：兼蓄质直，因势成境
重庆大学建筑学人（1977-）
10 卢峰，龙灏 以完备弘深之势，树西南建筑之声——重庆大学建筑学人八十余年的传承与奋进
16 刘家琨（16）汤桦（17）陆琦（18）
徐行川（19）傅海聪（20）戴志中（21）
王冬（22）李秉奇（23）林毅（24）
李先逵（25）邵松（26）董明（27）
郑实（28）赵元超（29）徐锋（30）
唐建（31）张兴国（32）雷翔（33）
李纯（34）黄捷（35）李向北（36）
杨瑛（37）邱小勇（38）严永红（39）
张宏儒（40）郑景文（41）罗隽（42）
周铁军（43）卢峰（44）马怡西（45）
王小工（46）王方戟（47）王琦（48）
龙灏（49）李华（50）沈康（51）
彭怒（52）程世丹（53）王蔚（54）
冯雅（55）吴蔚（56）孟庆林（57）
杨宇振（58）程向阳（59）卢志刚（60）
田琦（61）刘艺（62）龚俊（63）
陈纲（64）朱宁涛（65）薄宏涛（66）
徐卫（67）李淦（68）李涟（69）
聂欣（70）褚冬竹（71）刘加平（72）
魏浩波（73）任治国（74）陈日飙（75）
李竹（76）宋晓宇（77）殷建栋（78）
凌克戈（79）何学山（80）唐鸿骏（81）
82 家琨建筑设计事务所 苏州御窑遗址园暨御窑金砖博物馆，苏州，中国
84 汤桦 天府国际会议中心，成都，中国 86 徐行川 建川博物馆——川军抗战馆，四川，中国 88 傅海聪/华东建筑设计研究总院 东盟展览会商务综合体，南宁，中国 90 李秉奇 重庆市政府办公楼，重庆，中国 92 香港华艺设计顾问（深圳）有限公司 大鹏半岛国家地质公园博物馆，深圳，中国
94 贵州省建筑设计研究院有限责任公司，中国民航机场建设集团 贵阳龙洞堡国际机场T1、T2、T3航站楼扩容改造工程，贵州，中国 96 赵元超 延安大剧院，陕西，中国 98 云南省设计院集团有限公司，深圳汤桦建筑设计事务所有限公司 昆明市工人文化宫迁建，云南，中国 100 杨瑛/湖南省建筑设计院有限公司 芷江飞虎队纪念馆改扩建工程，怀化，中国 102 邱小勇 成都中电锦江财产基地，四川，中国 104 张宏儒/上海建科建筑设计院有限公司 醴陵第一中学图书馆，湖南，中国 106 王小工 武汉艺术学校，湖北，中国 108 曼哈德·冯·格康，尼古劳斯· 格茨，吴蔚，玛德琳·唯斯 保利广场，上海，中国 110 刘艺 南沙青少年宫，广州，中国
112 薄宏涛/杭州中联筑境建筑设计有限公司 2022首钢西十冬奥广场，北京，中国 114 李涟，谷再平 财富国际，成都，中国 116 魏浩波 水文化中心，贵州，中国 118 庄惟敏，唐鸿骏 延安浮图山游客中心，陕西，中国
访谈
120 龙灏 此事无捷径，躬行有建卒 ——重庆大学“80后”建筑学人笔谈
改进建筑60秒 126 杨瑛，卢峰
念书
127 罗宇杰，包志禹
本期作者
128
封面摄影：龙灏
本期责编：项琳斐
全文刊载于《世界建筑》202005期。转载请注明出处。点击下方“阅读原文”购买2020/05期《世界建筑》杂志
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发表于 2020-9-3 10:27:47